| (Pre - Production, Production, Post Production, | | | | done in a professional edit suite with high quality |
| Motion Capture, New | | | | equipment. If off-line editing had been done, the |
| _________A) Pre - ProductionScene: A scene | | | | edit decision list from that phase guides the on-line |
| or script is a numbered part of a film script, which | | | | edit process, typically minimizing the time and cost |
| may be broken down into parts in longshot, | | | | in the professional edit suite.Post Production : The |
| medium-shot, close-up, etc by the director when | | | | phases of production that occur after the |
| shooting. A master scene is a fairly long length of | | | | recording, filming, or taping. This includes editing, |
| the script, all under one number, which the | | | | mixing, effects, dubbing, compression, mastering, |
| director will certainly break down later. He or she | | | | etc.Render Farm : A group of computers which |
| may, however, take the whole of a master | | | | work together to perform the |
| scene first, then shoot closeups of the various | | | | computation-intensive tasks of 3-D |
| characters to cut in with this later. In animation | | | | ) Motion CaptureMocap : The process of recording |
| the basic unit of continuous action, usually shot on | | | | the data from human movement so that it can |
| one background, from which a film is built | | | | be used for 3D characters created on a |
| up.Script: The detailed scene-by-scene instructions | | | | computer. Mocap can be used for 3D animations |
| for a film or television production, including | | | | for film, TV and games, and for special effects |
| description of setting and action with dialogue and | | | | work. There are wireless, magnetic motion |
| camera directions. When the script also has full | | | | capture systems, and optical systems, which |
| details of visuals it is termed a | | | | track markers attached to the |
| 'storyboard'.Storyboard: A form of shooting script | | | | animator.Performance Capture : The recording of |
| common for animated films for many years and | | | | a performance, either human or animal, using a |
| now usually used for commercials, even live-action | | | | Motion Capture system (or similar technology) - |
| ones. It consists of a series of sketches showing | | | | difference being that you can motion capture a |
| key positions for every scene, with dialogue and | | | | table, but it is cannot give a performance. Special |
| descriptive notes below. Still used in | | | | Effects Blue (or Green)Screen : A system that |
| ) Production2D Animation: The creation of moving | | | | replaces a specified colour (blue in this case) with |
| pictures in a two-dimensional environment, such as | | | | images from another source. This can either be |
| through "traditional" cel animation or in | | | | done optically (eg. using film) or electronically (eg. |
| computerized animation software. This is done by | | | | in video, also known as Chroma-Key in video). |
| sequencing consecutive images, or "frames", that | | | | Some computer systems look at pixel in the |
| simulate motion by each image showing the next | | | | scene and determine whether to replace that |
| in a gradual progression of steps. The eye can be | | | | pixel with the other video source. Better |
| "fooled" into perceiving motion when these | | | | computer systems allow 'some' of the colour of |
| consecutive images are shown at a rate of 24 | | | | the pixel from 1 image and 'some' from another |
| frames per second or faster. 3DAnimation: | | | | image. The better systems could be take |
| The creation of moving pictures in a | | | | transparent objects (eg. bottles) or smoke and |
| three-dimensional digital environment. This is done | | | | combine these with the images from another |
| by sequencing consecutive images, or "frames", | | | | source.Chroma-Key : Keying out parts of an |
| that simulate motion by each image showing the | | | | image which contain a particular colour (or colours). |
| next in a gradual progression of steps, filmed by a | | | | Eg. replacing a blue or green background with |
| virtual "camera" and then output to video by a | | | | images from another source.Composite : To |
| rendering engine. The eye can be "fooled" into | | | | combine two or more individual images onto one |
| perceiving motion when these consecutive images | | | | piece of film by photographic or digital means. |
| are shown at a rate of 24 frames per second or | | | | Early compositing was accomplished in the camera |
| faster.Character animation: The art of making an | | | | by masking part of the scene when filming, |
| animated figure move like a unique individual; | | | | rewinding the film and removing the matte and |
| sometimes described as acting through drawings. | | | | shooting again to expose the previously masked |
| The animator must "understand how the | | | | portion. Digital compositing is commonplace, in |
| character's personality and body structure will be | | | | which multiple film images are scanned into the |
| reflected in its movements.Character model: A | | | | computer, combined digitally, and output to a |
| sheet of drawings defining the proportions, shape, | | | | single piece of film.Motion Control : Controling the |
| clothing etc. of a character for the guidance of | | | | motion of a camera or special effects object (eg. |
| animators.Computer animation: The technique of | | | | model space ship etc), using commands from a |
| using computers to generate moving pictures. | | | | computer, so that the exact moves can be |
| Some systems can achieve this in real-time (25 | | | | repeated as many times. This makes it easy to |
| frames per second-or in the USA 30fps), but the | | | | composite it (ie.combine it with another |
| majority of animation is created one frame at a | | | | shot).Rotoscoping : Drawing around something in |
| time and then edited into a continuous sequence. | | | | the frame so that an effect can be applied to |
| Very sophisticated programs are required to | | | | that part of the film. If an animated creature has |
| perform the tasks of movement, fairing, | | | | to go behind something in the live action piece of |
| perspective, hidden-surface removal, colouring, | | | | film, that object can be drawn around so a matte |
| shading and illumination, and as the trend increases | | | | can be created, so that the createure will not |
| towards more realistic images, faster computers | | | | show over the top of that object. If the camera |
| are needed to process the millions of | | | | is moving, then each frame of film would have to |
| computations required for each frame. The term | | | | be rotoscoped. If the camera is still, then the |
| "computer animation" covers a broad range of | | | | same matte can probably be used for all frames |
| subjects, but overall can be defined as the | | | | in that shot. Rotoscoping was first used by the |
| creation of moving images through the use of | | | | Fleischers for making cartoons. The Fleischers |
| computers. These images can be created in either | | | | invented the Rotoscope, which is a device for |
| a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, and | | | | projecting live-action film on to paper frame by |
| can be applied to web design, user interface | | | | frame, so that the outline could be traced and |
| design, application development, video games, | | | | used as a guide for the animation. The Rotoscope |
| movies, special effects, cartooning, and many | | | | consists of an animation camera and a light source |
| others.Computer graphics: Charts, diagrams, | | | | (usually using a prism behind the movement and |
| drawings and other pictorial representations that | | | | the lamp house attached to the camera's open |
| are computer generated.Effects animation: The | | | | door) that projects a print through the camera's |
| animation of non-character movements such as | | | | lense and the projected image is then traced to |
| rain, smoke, lightning, water, etc.Go-Motion: Similar | | | | create a matte. The lamp house is then removed |
| to 'Stop-Motion', but the animation is produced by | | | | and the raw stock placed in the camera and the |
| rods attached to the pupet/creature, which can | | | | drawings are filmed through the same lense that |
| be programmed by a computer to perform the | | | | projected the image. The resulting image will then |
| required movement. The advantage over | | | | fit the original image if the two strips of film are |
| stop-motion is that a lot more realistic movement | | | | run bi-packed in the same projector movment |
| can be created, because the puppet/creature | | | | (using an optical printer). In digital film effects |
| blurs slightly between each frame. The | | | | work, rotoscoping refers to any drawn matte, as |
| disadvantage is that the rods attached to the | | | | both images can be seen compisited while the |
| creature need to be hidden from view (e.g. using | | | | matte is being drawn, so good results can be |
| the blue-screen process)In Between: The paper | | | | achieved.Virtual Sets : Sets which are generated |
| drawing of a figure that lies in sequence between | | | | (at least partially) from data within a computer. |
| two key positions drawn by an animator.Key | | | | Mostly used for TV work, these systems replace |
| frame animation: The animator 'draws' directly | | | | the real set (eg. an empty studio) with a |
| onto the CRT display and produces a basic picture | | | | computer generated set, allowing the actor |
| or cell. A number of these drawings can then be | | | | presenter to move in the foreground. eg. the |
| superimposed on one another to form a | | | | background is 'keyed out' and replaced with the |
| composite cell or key frame. Many of these key | | | | set which has been created in a 3D package (eg. |
| frames can be made up and stored in the | | | | Softimage or 3D Studio Max), and any camera |
| computer to be called up and used as required. | | | | movements will be duplicated by the 'virtual |
| The action of the film can be created by stringing | | | | camera'. This will require a powerful computer, |
| together the series of key frames, and | | | | especially if it is to be done in real-time, for |
| introducing the desired movements between one | | | | example a Silicon Graphics machine. The method |
| frame and the next. Each key frame can be used | | | | of keeping track of the camera movement (so |
| over and over again by simply calling it repeatedly | | | | that it can be duplicated in the 3D computer set) |
| from the computer score.Stop-Motion Animation: | | | | is different for the various sytems. Some |
| Moving a special effects puppet or model | | | | systems use a blue grid painted on the back wall |
| creature a small amount and recording a single | | | | of a studio of a known size. A red LED is |
| frame (or small number of frames) so that when | | | | projected onto the cameras and the actor |
| the film is played back at a normal speed it | | | | presenter so that they too can be tracked |
| appears to move. The disadvantage with this | | | | throughout the set.Visual effects (also called |
| form of animation is that it can sometimes | | | | optical or photographic effects) : Special effects |
| appear to 'strobe', partly due to the lack of blur | | | | achieved with the aid of photographic or digital |
| between the frames.Three-dimensional modeling: | | | | technology, occurring after the principal |
| Geometrical descriptions of an object using | | | | photography, or main shooting, of a film. Includes |
| polygons or solids in three dimensions (x,y,z | | | | miniatures, optical and digital effects, matte |
| coordinates) for the purpose of creating the | | | | paintings, stop-motion animation, and |
| illusion of height, width and depth. | | | | computer-generated imagery (CGI).Wire Removal |
| C) Post ProductionEdit : The process of | | | | : Removal of unwanted wires, rods, etc. from a |
| assembling video clips, audio tracks, graphics and | | | | piece of film by replacing them with what would |
| other source marerial into a presentable | | | | have been seen if they weren't there (eg. the |
| package.Off-Line Edit : A "draft" edit, usually | | | | background). This can be done by replacing them |
| prepared in an off-line edit suite (at a lower cost), | | | | with the same area from another frame in which |
| then taken to an on-line facility to make the final | | | | the wires/rods were not visible, or by averaging |
| cut.On-Line Edit : The final version of an edit, | | | | the colours on either side of the wire and |
| prepared in a professional edit facility.Non-linear | | | | replacing it with the |
| editing : An approach to video editing made | | | | New MediaA generic term for the many different |
| possible by digital video recordings. As in word | | | | forms of electronic communication that are made |
| processing, video segments can be inserted | | | | possible through the use of computer technology. |
| between two existing segments without erasing | | | | The term is in relation to "old" media forms, such |
| either. Unlike the approach required when editing | | | | as print newspapers and magazines, that are |
| analog video , segments do not need to "laid | | | | static representations of text and graphics. New |
| down" in the sequence in which they will later be | | | | media includes:* Web sites* streaming audio and |
| shown.Off-line editing : The steps during the edit | | | | video* chat rooms* e-mail* online communities* |
| process when a preliminary selection of usable | | | | Web advertising* DVD and CD-ROM media* |
| shots and scenes is made, and the tentative | | | | virtual reality environments* integration of digital |
| sequence of these elements is decided. This | | | | data with the telephone, such as Internet |
| process is typically done with lower cost, simpler | | | | telephony* digital cameras* mobile computingUse |
| editing equipment than is found in a professional | | | | of the term new media implies that the data |
| edit suite (where on-line editing is done). Using | | | | communication is happening between desktop and |
| off-line editing can significantly reduce the total | | | | laptop computers and handhelds , such as PDAs , |
| cost of a producation.On-line editing : The steps | | | | and the media they take data from, such as |
| during the edit process when the compilation of | | | | compact discs. |
| final program is done. When affordable, this is | | | | |